Iran War Now Targeting Oil and Water Production

Is no one thinking about the end state?

Oil well fires rage outside Kuwait City in the aftermath of Operation Desert Storm. The wells were set on fire by Iraqi forces before they were ousted from the region by coalition force.
Kuwait Oil Fires 1991 by Tech Sgt. David Mcleod

AP (“Iran accused of attacks in the UAE and Bahrain, while Tehran blanketed by smoke from Israeli strikes“):

Israel on Sunday struck southern Lebanon, Beirut and an oil storage facility in Tehran as the war in the Middle East keeps escalating, and Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu promised “many surprises” for the next phase of the conflict.

Iran also hit a desalination plant in Bahrain. Earlier Sunday, Iran’s Foreign Minister Abbas Araghchi said a U.S. airstrike damaged an Iranian desalination plant on Qeshm Island, warning that in doing so “the U.S. set this precedent, not Iran.” Such infrastructure is critical for drinking water supplies in the parched deserts of the Gulf.

An Israeli attack on an oil storage facility in Tehran sent up pillars of fire that could be seen in Associated Press video as a glow against the Saturday night sky. It appeared to be the first time a civil industrial facility has been targeted in the war.

The conflict has rattled global markets, disrupted air travel and left Iran’s leadership weakened by hundreds of Israeli and American airstrikes.

Strikes on Iran oil facilities push the war into ‘dangerous phase,’ official says

An Iranian official deplored the U.S.-Israeli strikes on oil facilities in Iran, saying they pushed the war into a “dangerous phase.”

“These attacks on fuel storage facilities amount to nothing less than intentional chemical warfare against the Iranian citizens,” Foreign Ministry spokesman Esmaeil Baqaei said in a social media post.

He said such attacks will have “devastating the environment, and endangering lives on a massive scale” because of hazardous materials and toxic substances they release into the air.

“The consequences of this environmental and humanitarian catastrophe will not be confined within Iran’s borders,” he said.

It’s one thing for energy and water production facilties to be collateral damage in a war and quite another for them to be intentionally targeted. Not only does it make rebuilding after the war geometrically more difficult, the latter may well be a war crime.

AP’s Annika Hammerschlag (“Oil built the Persian Gulf. Desalinated water keeps it alive. War could threaten both“) provides context:

As missiles and drones curtail energy production across the Persian Gulf, analysts warn that water, not oil, may be the resource most at risk in the energy-rich but arid region.

On Sunday, Bahrain accused Iran of damaging one of its desalination plants. Earlier, Iran said a U.S. airstrike had damaged an Iranian plant.

Hundreds of desalination plants sit along the Persian Gulf coast, putting individual systems that supply water to millions within range of Iranian missile or drone strikes. Without them, major cities could not sustain their current populations.

In Kuwait, about 90% of drinking water comes from desalination, along with roughly 86% in Oman and about 70% in Saudi Arabia. The technology removes salt from seawater — most commonly by pushing it through ultrafine membranes in a process known as reverse osmosis — to produce the freshwater that sustains cities, hotels, industry and some agriculture across one of the world’s driest regions.

For people living outside the Middle East, the main concern of the Iran war has been the impact on energy prices. The Gulf produces about a third of the world’s crude exports and energy revenues underpin national economies. Fighting has already halted tanker traffic through key shipping routes and disrupted port activity, forcing some producers to curb exports as storage tanks fill.

But the infrastructure that keeps Gulf cities supplied with drinking water may be equally vulnerable.

“Everyone thinks of Saudi Arabia and their neighbors as petrostates. But I call them saltwater kingdoms. They’re human-made fossil-fueled water superpowers,” said Michael Christopher Low, director of the Middle East Center at the University of Utah. “It’s both a monumental achievement of the 20th century and a certain kind of vulnerability.”

Much later in the piece, she notes:

During Iraq’s 1990-1991 invasion of Kuwait and the subsequent Gulf War, Iraqi forces sabotaged power stations and desalination facilities as they retreated, said the University of Utah’s Low. At the same time, millions of barrels of crude oil were deliberately released into the Persian Gulf, creating one of the largest oil spills in history.

The massive slick threatened to contaminate seawater intake pipes used by desalination plants across the region. Workers rushed to deploy protective booms around the intake valves of major facilities.

The destruction left Kuwait largely without fresh water and dependent on emergency water imports. Full recovery took years.

To say the least, we should not be emulating Saddam Hussein.

FILED UNDER: Middle East, Military Affairs, World Politics, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,
James Joyner
About James Joyner
James Joyner is a Professor of Security Studies. He's a former Army officer and Desert Storm veteran. Views expressed here are his own. Follow James on Twitter @DrJJoyner.

Comments

  1. Michael Reynolds says:

    Is no one thinking about the end state?

    Who would be thinking about such things? Trump? Hegseth? The real estate developers Witkoff and Kushner? Trump and the real estate boys may well be thinking, ‘That’s some fine coastline for condo development,” but neither is capable of thinking beyond that. And Hegseth has never had a thought more complicated than, “Bro, beer me.”

    The only other voice with any influence whatsoever is Marco Rubio. Rubio is blinded by the prospect of a free Cuba, in which scenario he, personally, would be a conquering hero raised high on the shoulders of Cuban ‘exiles’ in Florida. Exiles who, for the most part, have never stepped foot in Cuba. Of course little Marco is a fool to imagine that Trump will ever allow him to claim any credit for anything at all.

    We will make a desolation and we won’t even be able to call it peace.

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  2. Daryl says:

    How long before Iran, or more likely an Iranian proxy, targets the US homeland?
    I have little faith in Fatso’s ability to protect us.

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  3. This makes me think further about my assertions that this administration thinks like all this is a movie. In action movies and superhero films, the fights cause insane levels of damage (think what happened to Metropolis in the most recent Superman movie), but that is all ultimately inconsequential, and in the sequel, it was like a reset button was hit.

    Worrying about consequences is for suckers, it would seem.

    Plus, to my point in a comment in another thread this morning, apparently blowing shit up in the “good part” of war.

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  4. charontwo says:

    @Michael Reynolds:

    The only other voice with any influence whatsoever is Marco Rubio.

    Bibi Netanyahu has some influence and some unique ideas about end state.

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  5. Kathy says:

    Is no one thinking

    Exactly.

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  6. charontwo says:

    Sodium Perchlorate, etc.

    Laden Iranian ships depart Chinese port tied to key military chemicals

    Experts said the vessels are probably carrying a key precursor for rocket fuel, making it notable that Beijing let them sail while the U.S. and Iran are at war.

    Two ships owned by an Iranian company that the United States has accused of supplying material to Tehran’s ballistic missile program departed a Chinese chemical-storage port this week laden with cargo and headed for Iran, according to a Washington Post analysis of ship-tracking data, satellite imagery and Treasury Department records.

    The Shabdis and the Barzin — which can carry up to 6,500 and 14,500 20-foot-long containers, respectively — had docked at the Gaolan port in Zhuhai, a city on China’s southeastern coast. Experts told The Post that Gaolan is a loading port for chemicals including sodium perchlorate, a key precursor for solid rocket fuel that Iran desperately needs for its missile program.

    A dozen other IRISL ships have visited the port since the start of the year. But experts said it would be notable for Beijing to allow any vessels to depart in this moment bound for Iran with weapons-related material as they expected China — America’s chief and most powerful strategic rival — to be wary of such an action while the United States and Iran are in direct combat.

    “China could have held these vessels at port, imposed an administrative delay, invented a customs hold — any number of bureaucratic tools, but didn’t,” said Isaac Kardon, a senior fellow at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, to The Post. “That’s a deliberate policy choice made during an active war in which Beijing publicly calls for restraint.”

    Although IRISL operates as a large commercial carrier, Kardon said the circumstances of these shipments strongly suggest the cargo is sodium perchlorate. “Given the track record, the most parsimonious explanation is that they’re loading the same commodity they’ve been shuttling for the past year-plus,” he said.

    Treasury’s Office of Foreign Assets Control announced sanctions last year aimed in part at interrupting Iran’s ballistic missile production, with a focus on stopping the flow of sodium perchlorate and dioctyl sebacate from China to Iran. Sodium perchlorate is used to produce ammonium perchlorate. Ammonium perchlorate and dioctyl sebacate can be used in the solid propellants that power ballistic missiles.

    “With missiles and drones raining down on gulf states, any show of support like this towards Iran risks souring China’s relations with a number of gulf countries,” he continued. “It’s an uncharacteristically bold strategy.”

    The other 12 IRISL-owned ships that have visited Gaolan port since the start of the year all docked at the same terminal as the Barzin and the Shabdis, and draft changes suggest all but one picked up cargo. Several — like the Barzin — are known sodium perchlorate haulers, according to experts and media reports citing intelligence agency assessments and satellite imagery reviews.

    AIS data suggests some of the ships lately have been forced to shift their planned routes due to the U.S.-Israeli strikes.

    Three that were en route to Bandar Abbas — the Hamouna, Abyan and Arzin — changed their AIS destination to the “high seas” after the strikes began and on Saturday were near Iranian waters. Another, the Basht, stopped transmitting AIS data Thursday, around 13 miles from Bandar Abbas.

    Meanwhile, at least two IRISL-owned ships are on their way to the Gaolan port.

    The U.S. and Israel strikes have hammered Iran’s missile storage bunkers and underground depots. “Tehran’s need for propellant precursors just went from urgent to existential,” Kardon told The Post.

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  7. wr says:

    @Daryl: “How long before Iran, or more likely an Iranian proxy, targets the US homeland?
    I have little faith in Fatso’s ability to protect us.”

    Hey, just because Kash fired all the FBI agents dedicated to threats from Iran is no reason to think we’re not perfectly well protected.

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  8. Kingdaddy says:

    Targeting oil and desalination facilities is a completely predictable response when the regime is afraid it won’t survive.

    Serious people would have asked people who know something about the regime and the region about the likely scenarios, including this one.

    Serious people would have wargamed out the operation. No doubt this would have appeared as an option for the red team.

    But we don’t have serious people in power. The President can wage war on a whim, with no preparation. And here’s where we are, suffering entirely predictable outcomes to an aggressively stupid and heedless war. The little people will have to clean up the mess, as they always do.

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  9. Sleeping Dog says:

    Given the situation that Iran is in, destroying the oil production/transportation infrastructure, along with desalination makes perverse sense. The felon and Israel aren’t going to stop till we run out of weaponry, destroying ME oil/gas production ensures a level of pain will be felt by the world.

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  10. Gregory Lawrence Brown says:
  11. dazedandconfused says:

    I’m confident the Israelis are thinking of the end state but it’s not the same one as us. We think the place should be re-made, “Make Iran Great Again!” said Trump. But the Israeli government has something else in mind.

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  12. @dazedandconfused:

    I’m confident the Israelis are thinking of the end state

    Given the lack of such thinking in re: Gaza, I have my doubts.

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  13. dazedandconfused says:

    @Steven L. Taylor:
    I suspect they may have the same end-state for Iran in mind, actually. The current government would prefer to “mow the grass” with Round Up.

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